The choice of the drug used to induce sedation during emergency intubation in critically ill patients may have a meaningful impact on in-hospital survival. This is suggested by a recent study analyzing clinical outcomes associated with the use of etomidate and ketamine, two of the most commonly used agents for rapid sequence intubation in emergency departments.

The study, published in JAMA Network Open, is a multicenter investigation based on data from 18 hospitals in Brazil and was led by an international team of specialists in emergency medicine and critical care. The research included participation from the Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau), through Dr. Otavio Ranzani, head of the DataHealth Lab at IR Sant Pau and senior coauthor of the article.

Differences in Mortality Associated With the Induction Agent

The study evaluated 1,810 critically ill adult patients who required emergency intubation and received either etomidate or ketamine as the sole induction agent. Using an advanced observational design that emulates a clinical trial, the investigators compared in-hospital mortality at 7 and 28 days after the procedure, adjusting results for multiple clinical and demographic variables.

The results show that patients who received etomidate had higher in-hospital mortality compared with those treated with ketamine. In the primary analysis, 28-day mortality was higher in the etomidate group, with a clinically meaningful absolute risk difference. This association remained consistent across multiple sensitivity analyses, reinforcing the robustness of the findings.

Regarding secondary outcomes, no significant differences were observed between the two groups in first-attempt intubation success or in most of the adverse events assessed. A higher frequency of early hemodynamic instability was observed in patients who received ketamine, a finding previously described and potentially related to the pharmacological properties of the drug and to patients’ clinical profiles.

Implications for Clinical Practice

Dr. Otavio Ranzani highlights the clinical relevance of the results: “Our data suggest that the choice of induction agent during emergency intubation is not a neutral decision and may influence outcomes as relevant as in-hospital survival. Although this is an observational study, the magnitude and consistency of the observed association justify further investigation into the impact of induction agents on clinical outcomes across different settings.” Dr. Ranzani adds, “This month, one of the largest clinical trials on this topic, the long-anticipated RSI trial, was published in The New England Journal of Medicine, showing neutral results regarding mortality but also raising questions about whether it had sufficient power to assess this outcome or whether its findings are applicable to settings beyond U.S. emergency departments and ICUs, where the trial was conducted.”

The authors emphasize that the study does not allow a definitive causal relationship to be established, but it does provide solid evidence to question the routine use of etomidate in critically ill patients. Particularly in a context in which widely available alternatives such as ketamine exist. In this regard, the work reinforces the need for continued research into how pharmacological decisions made in emergencies can have meaningful consequences for patient outcomes.

The participation of IR Sant Pau in this study reflects its commitment to clinical research aimed at improving the safety and outcomes of critically ill patients, as well as to generating high-impact scientific evidence that helps optimize clinical practice.

Reference Article:

Maia IWA, Decker SRR, Oliveira J E Silva L, von Hellmann R, Alencar JCG, Hajjar LA, de Carvalho JMD, Pedrollo DF, Nogueira CG, Figueiredo NMP, Miranda CH, Martins D, Baumgratz TD, Bergesch B, Colleoni O, Zanettini J, Freitas AP, Tambelli R, Costa MC, Correia W, de Maria RG, Filho UAV, Weber AP, da Silva Castro V, Dornelles CFD, Tabach BS, Moreira NP, Gaspar PL, Guimarães HP, Stanzani G, Gava TF, Mullan A, Brown CS, Bellolio F, Jeffery MM, Ranzani OT, Besen BAMP, Brazilian Airway Registry Cooperation (BARCO) group. Ketamine, etomidate, and mortality in emergency department intubations. JAMA Netw Open 2025;8:e2548060. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.48060

The Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau) has led a multicenter project that redefines what is considered normal cognitive performance. The work, carried out in collaboration with Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla in Santander, and the CITA-Alzheimer Foundation in San Sebastián, has resulted in two complementary scientific articles published in the journal Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring (DADM), which establish new cognitive reference standards based exclusively on individuals without amyloid pathology and demonstrate their ability to improve early diagnosis.

This initiative emerges at a pivotal moment for clinical practice. The arrival of disease-modifying therapies requires increasingly precise identification of patients who are in very early stages, when intervention is most effective and safest. However, traditional neuropsychology faces a fundamental challenge: determining what “normal performance” truly means in older adults, given that part of age-related decline can be confused with changes inherent to the preclinical phase of Alzheimer’s disease. The project addresses this need by redefining cognitive reference standards using advanced tools and data from rigorously selected populations, allowing for a more accurate delineation of the threshold between healthy aging and true cognitive decline.

New Reference Standards Based on Amyloid-Negative Individuals

In the first part of the project, neuropsychological reference standards based exclusively on individuals without Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers were developed for the first time, using advanced statistical models that take age, educational level, and sex into account. This combination, which until now had only been applied partially in certain specific tests, is used for the first time simultaneously and across such a broad battery of neuropsychological assessments, representing a significant methodological advance at the international level. This approach allows for a more precise definition of what can be considered truly normal cognitive performance in aging. By excluding individuals who already show amyloid pathology in the preclinical phase—still without symptoms—it prevents the mild decline associated with the disease from being mistaken for healthy aging.

The development of these new reference standards was based on a cohort of nearly 800 cognitively healthy adults and on advanced statistical models capable of describing in detail how age, education, and biological sex influence each cognitive domain. This approach made it possible to identify subtle but relevant differences between men and women, as well as nonlinear effects of age and education that previous methods could not detect, substantially increasing the precision of cognitive assessments.

In parallel, the team developed a clinical calculator that allows for rapid and accurate calculation of adjusted scores, facilitating individualized interpretation of each case in memory clinics. Although it is not intended for the public, the tool is designed so that all professionals who assess patients with suspected cognitive impairment can use it as diagnostic support, promoting consistent application of the new reference values in clinical practice.

As explained by Dr. Sara Rubio-Guerra, researcher in the Neurobiology of Dementias group, neurologist at the Sant Pau Memory Unit, and first author of the study, “a key part of diagnosis is clearly defining what we mean by cognitive normality. If this reference point is not accurate, we may overlook very early alterations or, conversely, raise concerns in completely healthy individuals. These new norms allow us to interpret performance more precisely and better distinguish between healthy aging and the earliest changes associated with the disease.”

The New Norms Enable Earlier Detection of the Earliest Cognitive Decline

In the second part of the study, an analysis was conducted in a sample of more than 2,400 individuals without dementia, demonstrating that application of these new reference standards substantially improves the ability to identify very mild cognitive alterations. The new standards make it possible to detect earlier one in five cases of incipient cognitive impairment that previously went unnoticed.

The data confirm that this group does not represent cognitive variability inherent to aging. These individuals show high rates of Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers and a faster cognitive decline in longitudinal analyses, indicating that they are indeed in an early stage of the disease. Earlier detection allows for more precise guidance of the diagnostic workup and helps determine when further evaluation with biomarkers is warranted.

By contrast, the number of individuals whom the new norms would classify as impaired in the absence of biological evidence of disease is small, around 3%, and in most of these cases biomarkers are negative. This minimizes the risk of overdiagnosis and avoids subjecting healthy individuals to unnecessary testing.

Earlier Diagnosis in the Era of Disease-Modifying Therapies

According to Dr. Ignacio Illán-Gala, researcher in the Neurobiology of Dementias group at IR Sant Pau, neurologist at the Sant Pau Memory Unit, and senior author of the study, “early diagnosis is key in the era of new disease-modifying therapies. Detecting these incipient cases earlier means being able to offer therapies at the time when they are most effective and safest.” The neurologist emphasizes that neuropsychology acts as “a gateway to the diagnostic workup,” especially when memory complaints are very subtle and the decision to request biomarkers requires knowing with precision whether true cognitive decline is present. “With more accurate reference values, we can better determine who needs further evaluation and who can be reassured, avoiding both overdiagnosis and missed therapeutic opportunities,” he adds.

Overall, the project consolidates IR Sant Pau’s leadership in the development of biomarkers and precision tools and lays the groundwork for future improvements as markers for other neurodegenerative diseases in preclinical stages are identified.

Reference Articles:

1. Rubio-Guerra S, Sánchez-Saudinós MB, Sala I, Videla L, Bejanin A, Estanga A, Ecay-Torres M, de Luis CL, Rami L, Tort-Merino A, Castellví M, Pozueta A, García-Martínez M, Gómez-Andrés D, Lage C, López-García S, Sánchez-Juan P, Balasa M, Lladó A, Altuna M, Tainta M, Arranz J, Zhu N, Alcolea D, Lleó A, Fortea J, Rodríguez ER, Sánchez-Valle R, Martínez-Lage P, Illán-Gala I. Development of amyloid-negative neuropsychological norms using GAMLSS. Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 2025;17. https://doi.org/10.1002/dad2.70224.
2. Rubio-Guerra S, Sala I, Sánchez-Saudinós MB, Videla L, Bejanin A, Estanga A, Ecay-Torres M, de Luis CL, Rami L, Tort-Merino A, Castellví M, Pozueta A, García-Martínez M, Gómez-Andrés D, Lage C, López-García S, Sánchez-Juan P, Balasa M, Lladó A, Altuna M, Tainta M, Arranz J, Zhu N, Alcolea D, Lleó A, Fortea J, Rodríguez ER, Sánchez-Valle R, Martínez-Lage P, Illán-Gala I. Amyloid-negative neuropsychological norms: Added value in the era of biomarkers and disease-modifying therapies. Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 2025;17. https://doi.org/10.1002/dad2.70223.

The Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau) has been selected to participate in three high-impact scientific and technological projects funded through the 2024 Public-Private Collaboration Projects call from the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI), under the Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities. These grants, aimed at fostering the transfer of knowledge from research to the productive sector, represent a total funding of over €650,000 for the institute to develop new digital health tools. Innovative strategies for women’s health, and targeted cancer therapies based on nanotechnology.

The simultaneous award of these three projects places IR Sant Pau in a strategic position within translational research in Spain. This reinforces its role as a key scientific partner in public-private consortia that seek to transform laboratory advances into clinically applicable solutions.

ASISTE: Artificial Intelligence to Transform the Patient Experience in the Healthcare System

The project ASISTE – “Advancing Interactive and Technological Solutions for the User Experience,” coordinated by Digimevo in collaboration with Eurecat and IR Sant Pau, aims to make a qualitative leap in the relationship between patients and healthcare services. The consortium will develop an advanced virtual assistant based on artificial intelligence technologies, capable of providing personalized information, supporting decision-making, and integrating recommendations to improve therapeutic adherence and self-care.

Unlike conventional systems, ASISTE will explore multimodal and adaptive models that anticipate patients’ needs, reduce uncertainty, and optimize the flow of clinical information before, during, and after healthcare delivery. The project aligns with current trends in digital health, which emphasize patient empowerment and care efficiency.

The participation of IR Sant Pau, led by Dr. Elisa Llurba, will be essential to bring the technology into a real clinical environment. The institute will coordinate the pilot validation of the virtual assistant at Sant Pau Hospital, including methodological design, usability assessment, impact measurement in clinical practice, and evaluation of health outcomes. This work will draw on the experience and capabilities of the Clinical Research and Clinical Trials Unit (UICEC) Sant Pau and the Drug Research Center (CIM), essential infrastructures to ensure a safe and effective deployment in patients. The project has been granted €153,643.99 for IR Sant Pau.

OXO-001: A New Path to Modulate the Vaginal Microbiota and Improve Reproductive Health

The second funded project, Study and Development of a Strategy to Modulate the Vaginal Microbiota with the Compound OXO-001, led by the biotech company Oxolife, focuses on the compound OXO-001 and its ability to modulate the vaginal microbiota and correct dysbiosis. The conditions that can affect gynecological and reproductive health. The initiative, involving the University of Barcelona and IR Sant Pau, addresses an emerging and relevant clinical field in which the vaginal microbiota is increasingly recognized as a key determinant of fertility and reproductive success.

IR Sant Pau plays a central role in the project’s clinical phase, in which the safety and biological effects of OXO-001 will be studied in healthy female volunteers, analyzing how it modulates microbial balance and assessing its potential to open new therapeutic strategies in fertility and women’s health, with Dr. Rosa Antonijoan as principal investigator. A leading expert in clinical pharmacology and first-in-human trials, Dr. Antonijoan will head the planning, execution, and supervision of the clinical study, which will be conducted at the CIM Sant Pau facilities, a platform renowned for its expertise in early-phase studies, safety assessment, and rigorous data monitoring. The grant awarded to IR Sant Pau for this project amounts to €147,129.81.

NNL1524: A Next-Generation Nanodrug for Tumors Overexpressing CXCR4

The third project, Innovative Nanodrug Targeted to CXCR4+ Tumor Cells: Toward the First-in-Human Clinical Trials of a Revolutionary Therapy for Aggressive Cancers, coordinated by the company Nanoligent—a spin-off linked to the UAB and IR Sant Pau—represents an innovative approach in precision oncology. The Institute of Nanoscience and Materials of Aragon and the Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, both part of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), will also participate in its development.

The goal is to advance the preclinical development of the nanodrug NNL1524, based on a disruptive protein-drug nanoconjugate technology capable of specifically targeting tumor cells that overexpress the CXCR4 receptor. This receptor is a pan-cancer biomarker associated with tumor aggressiveness, poor prognosis, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance.

NNL1524 combines a modular protein design, a high-affinity ligand, and a potent cytotoxic agent, resulting in small-sized, highly selective nanomedicines that maximize targeted drug delivery to enhance antitumor efficacy while minimizing toxicity in healthy tissues. The project includes producing the first non-GMP batch of the nanodrug, extended pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies, and consolidating the preclinical evidence required for a first-in-human clinical trial application.

IR Sant Pau’s role in this consortium is pivotal. Under the direction of Dr. Ramon Mangues, the institute will conduct an extensive series of animal model studies to evaluate the nanodrug’s efficacy compared with standard treatments, characterize CXCR4 expression levels predictive of therapeutic response, and assess whether combining it with immunotherapies—such as immune checkpoint inhibitors—enhances antitumor effects. These studies are essential to define the clinical positioning of NNL1524 and support the design of future human trials. The project has received over €2.5 million in total funding, of which €360,720.89 corresponds to IR Sant Pau.

Three Projects Driving IR Sant Pau’s Research Strategy

IR Sant Pau’s participation in these three AEI-funded projects strengthens its role as a center of excellence in translational biomedical research, capable of integrating fundamental science, technological innovation, clinical validation, and collaboration with the business sector. The institution provides consortia with a cutting-edge scientific ecosystem that includes the UICEC Sant Pau, CIM, Biobank, omics platforms, advanced imaging services, cytometry, microscopy, proteomics, and an animal experimentation service that enables complex in vivo studies.

Overall, the CPP2024 grants provide IR Sant Pau with €661,494.64 in competitive funding, supporting the development of innovative solutions with a direct impact on three priority areas for public health: digitalization of healthcare, women’s health promotion, and advancement of targeted cancer therapies.

The Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau) has secured two competitive grants from the Strategic Plan for Health Research and Innovation (PERIS) 2022–2027, a program of the Department of Health of the Government of Catalonia designed to strengthen applied research within the Catalan healthcare system. This funding will enable progress in developing artificial intelligence tools aimed at improving diagnosis and clinical decision-making in two highly time-dependent medical emergencies: acute myocardial infarction and stroke. In total, IR Sant Pau has received 129,735 euros under the medical technology and digital health category.

The first funded project is RAPID-AIM, co-led by Dr. Matías E. Calandrelli, cardiologist at the Cardiology Department of Hospital de Sant Pau, specialized in cardiac imaging and the application of digital technologies to clinical practice, together with Dr. Martín Descalzo, coordinator of Cardiac MRI in the Cardiac Imaging and Function Unit. They will develop an autonomous clinical agent capable of interpreting electrocardiograms from a simple photograph taken with a mobile phone. This approach makes it possible to identify different types of heart attacks without requiring digitized ECGs or advanced IT systems, making it a particularly valuable solution for regional hospitals, resource-limited emergency departments, or situations in which no cardiologist is available. The project plans the progressive integration of this tool into the clinical workflows of Hospital de Sant Pau and the execution of a prospective study to assess its real-world clinical impact, with a view to future certification as medical software.

According to Dr. Calandrelli, the project’s transformative potential is clear. “Our goal is for any professional, in any setting, to have immediate access to a second opinion powered by artificial intelligence. Every minute gained during a heart attack means saving heart muscle and saving lives.” The researcher also highlights RAPID-AIM’s innovative element, noting that it “works directly with ECG images, making it universally applicable even in settings without advanced digital systems.”

The second funded project, RACE+BIO, is led by Dr. Natalia Pérez de la Ossa, a vascular neurologist at Hospital de Sant Pau and an international reference in prehospital stroke care, author of the RACE scale, and principal investigator of the RACECAT study. The project builds upon the development and refinement of the RACE+ tool, a predictive algorithm powered by artificial intelligence that can accurately predict the main stroke subtypes, particularly large-vessel occlusion, and guide early decisions on the patient’s hospital destination. This can reduce critical delays and increase access to advanced therapies. The development includes, on the one hand, validating the RACE+ tool across diverse international healthcare ecosystems and, on the other, combining it with point-of-care blood biomarkers—rapid, portable tests that can be performed directly in the ambulance and deliver results within minutes without requiring a laboratory.

For Dr. Pérez de la Ossa, this technology represents a significant advancement in urgent stroke care. “RACE+BIO will allow us to know, from the ambulance and in under ten minutes, what type of stroke the patient has—information that is essential to deciding which hospital they should be taken to based on therapeutic needs. This information is critical because a two-hour delay can reduce the chances of recovery by 10%,” she explains. The researcher also stresses the project’s broader potential: “If we succeed in integrating artificial intelligence and biomarkers into prehospital triage, we will transform how emergency systems make decisions, particularly in rural areas or locations far from tertiary centers.”

Both projects share common goals, such as reducing inequity, optimizing healthcare system resources, and improving clinical outcomes in time-dependent conditions. The integration of digital tools powered by artificial intelligence will shorten critical delays, avoid unnecessary transfers, strengthen coordination between the Medical Emergency System (SEM) and hospitals, and support professionals acting during the first minutes of cardiovascular or neurological emergencies.

The awarding of these PERIS grants by the Department of Health reinforces IR Sant Pau’s leadership in digital health and reaffirms its commitment to translational research focused on solving real-world clinical challenges. RAPID-AIM and RACE+BIO represent a step forward in incorporating artificial intelligence into the Catalan healthcare system and pave the way for new diagnostic tools that could be integrated into emergency services in the near future, contributing to more equitable, efficient, and evidence-based care.

A research team led by Dr. Àlex Bayés, Head of the Molecular Physiology of the Synapse Group at the Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR Sant Pau), has achieved what for decades had been an elusive goal: obtaining a precise, differentiated molecular portrait of individual synaptic types in the hippocampus, the brain structure that serves as the core of learning and memory.

The study, published in Nature Communications and conducted almost entirely at IR Sant Pau, details with unprecedented resolution which proteins are present in each type of synapse and in what quantities. This reveals patterns that help explain how connections that appear similar can perform different functions and display specific characteristics. Understanding how these connections are altered is critical because synaptic dysfunction is implicated in most neurological and psychiatric diseases, from Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s to epilepsy and schizophrenia.

Synapses, the contact points between neurons, are extremely numerous and diverse: the human brain is estimated to contain between 100 and 1,000 trillion of them. Each one transmits information with slight variations in structure and function, allowing neural circuits to process signals flexibly and precisely. However, until now it was unknown how this diversity was reflected at the molecular level. “For years, scientists have known that each type of synapse has unique electrical properties, but they had not been able to map their protein composition accurately due to technical limitations,” explains Dr. Bayés. “Available methods required analyzing large tissue fragments that mixed different classes of connections, producing an average profile that blurred subtle yet critical differences for their function.”

A Technical Challenge Solved Through Methodological Innovation

Studying synapses individually has been an almost impossible challenge for decades. They are tiny structures—barely one micron—distributed densely and interwoven throughout the brain, making physical isolation difficult. Moreover, their number is so colossal that, if each synapse were a grain of sand, there would be enough to fill half a stadium like Camp Nou, an image that illustrates the magnitude of the challenge facing neuroscience.

The IR Sant Pau team has overcome this obstacle through a combination of tools that take synaptic analysis to a new level. Laser-capture microdissection makes it possible to precisely isolate microscopic hippocampal layers, selecting only those regions containing the synapse type of interest. Then, an optimized protocol for extracting synaptic proteins preserves the integrity of these molecules and prevents losses, which is crucial when working with minuscule amounts of material.

Thanks to this approach, the researchers were able to characterize individually the proteome of the three synapse types that make up the trisynaptic hippocampal circuit, perhaps the most extensively studied circuit in the brain. It is a characteristic network that transmits information in three steps: first from the entorhinal cortex to the dentate gyrus, then from the dentate gyrus to the CA3 region, and finally from CA3 to CA1. This circuit is essential for memory processing and the integration of sensory and contextual information.

The importance of this achievement is not only technical. “Because we can examine specific synapses without requiring genetic manipulation, the methodology can also be applied to human samples, opening a range of possibilities for precisely studying how these connections are altered in neurological diseases,” notes Dr. Bayés.

The Same Menu, Served Differently

The study revealed a surprising pattern: the three synapses analyzed share the vast majority of their proteins but vary significantly in the relative quantities of each. The comparison can be understood as if all of them used the same basic ingredients for cooking but modified the proportions to create different recipes with their nuances in flavor, texture, and properties.

In this “synaptic menu,” there is one ingredient always present that defines the character of the dish: glutamate receptors and the proteins that regulate them. Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, and its receptors are essential for signal transmission and synaptic plasticity—the mechanism that allows connections to strengthen or weaken depending on experience.

“We observed that the functional identity of each synapse is not built on an exclusive set of proteins, but rather on how it adjusts the proportion of shared components to meet its needs,” says Dr. Àlex Bayés, “and what is most surprising is that, in all cases, glutamate receptors and their regulators form the core of that specialization.”

Three Molecular Profiles With Specific Functions

Quantitative differences in protein composition translate into specialized functional profiles. CA3–CA1 synapses display very precise control of a specific AMPA receptor subtype (GluA2), a high capacity to remodel their structure, and elevated energy consumption, all of which are associated with their role in memory consolidation and long-term plasticity.

DG–CA3 synapses stand out for their high abundance of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1) and for possessing especially active machinery for local protein synthesis in their presynaptic terminals. This feature allows them to adapt rapidly to changes in neuronal activity.

Meanwhile, EC–DG synapses present a distinct extracellular matrix, rich in proteoglycans, which may influence the mobility and stability of receptors, as well as specialized metabolic pathways to obtain energy from specific amino acids. These traits may relate to their role in the first stage of processing the information reaching the hippocampus.

The Role of Genetic Regulation

The study also identified a genetic component in this specialization: each neuron type activates or silences specific synaptic genes to adjust the molecular composition of its connections. This differential regulation was observed especially in genes related to glutamate receptors and the proteins that modulate their function, confirming that their central role in synaptic specialization is also encoded in the neuron’s genetic program.

“This is the first time we can link the molecular specialization of a synapse so directly to gene expression programs unique to each neuron. This brings us closer to understanding how synaptic diversity translates into unique functions for each brain circuit,” adds Dr. Bayés.

Implications and Next Steps

The ability to analyze the molecular identity of specific synapses with such precision not only in animal models but also in human tissue opens a range of applications in biomedical research. The hippocampus is one of the first structures affected in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, so understanding how these “molecular recipes” are altered could help identify early biomarkers and develop more specific therapeutic strategies.

Reference Article:

Reig-Viader R, Del Castillo-Berges D, Burgas-Pau A, Arco-Alonso D, Zerpa-Rios O, Ramos-Vicente D, Picañol J, Castellanos A, Soto D, Roher N, Sindreu C, Bayés À. Synaptic proteome diversity is shaped by the levels of glutamate receptors and their regulatory proteins. Nat Commun 2025;16:10487. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-65490-9

The Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau) has appointed David González Gil as its new general manager, a nomination approved by the Foundation’s Board of Trustees at its extraordinary session on October 6. David González officially took office on December 9, with the aim of driving a new phase of growth and consolidation for the center.

With more than twenty years of experience in managing research institutions, universities, and internationally oriented foundations, the new general manager joins IR Sant Pau with a strong profile in strategic leadership, resource mobilization, and organizational sustainability. Over the course of his career, he has led multidisciplinary teams and contributed to strengthening the competitiveness and visibility of a range of scientific and academic institutions.

Before joining IR Sant Pau, he served as general manager of the National Center for Genomic Analysis (CNAG), where he oversaw the establishment and consolidation of this scientific infrastructure of reference in genome research. This infrastructure was created through the partial spin-off of the Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG). Previously, he held the general manager position at the Pontifical University of Salamanca as a member of the rector’s office and chief executive of the leadership team, promoting the new strategic plan and the institution’s repositioning. He also held senior leadership roles at La Salle–Ramon Llull University, contributing to its global growth.

David González holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Economics from the University of Barcelona and has completed executive education programs at IESE, Harvard Business School, EADA, Aston University, and La Salle. He is currently a doctoral candidate in Economics and Law at the International University of Catalonia.

Upon his appointment, the new general manager expressed his satisfaction with joining the IR Sant Pau project, noting that “it is an honor to join an institute distinguished by its talent, commitment, and scientific contribution. My goal is to strengthen the conditions that will allow us to continue generating excellent research and maximize its impact on health and society.”

Regarding his appointment, IR Sant Pau highlights that the new general manager brings a combination of strategic vision, management experience, and driving capacity that will be key to advancing the institute’s objectives for growth, competitiveness, and scientific impact.

With this new chapter, IR Sant Pau also expresses its gratitude for the work and dedication of Jaume Bacardit, who has served as the institution’s general manager for the past three years.

The new XWHIN (Women’s Health Innovation Network), coordinated by the Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR Sant Pau), has been established with the support of the Agency for the Management of University and Research Grants (AGAUR), which has awarded funding of 1 million euros under the Xarxes d’R+D+I 2025 call. This initiative represents a recognition of IR Sant Pau’s leadership in responsible research with a gender perspective and strengthens its role as a key player in Catalonia’s health R&D&I ecosystem.

XWHIN is the first network in Catalonia and Spain to integrate R&D&I, gender equity, technology transfer, and social participation in women’s health. Its pioneering nature lies in the systematic incorporation of the biological and social dimensions of sex and gender across all innovation processes, generating ethical, efficient, and equitable solutions. At the European level, no other network exists with such an integral approach, placing Catalonia in a leadership position in this emerging field.

The initiative was created with the aim of promoting a new way of doing science, one that is more collaborative, open, and sensitive to the biological and social differences that affect women’s health. “With XWHIN, we aim to foster a change in perspective that integrates sex and gender into every stage of health innovation, from basic research to clinical and social application,” explains Dr. Maria Rosa Ballester, head of the Responsible Research and Innovation Unit (URRI) at IR Sant Pau and director of the network. “The project seeks to position Catalonia as a European benchmark in gender-sensitive health innovation, leveraging the country’s scientific and technological strengths and its tradition of excellence in biomedical research.”

A Network to Reduce Health Inequalities

Despite scientific and social progress lately, women continue to experience structural health inequalities at multiple levels, from research and diagnosis to access to treatment or participation in clinical trials. Cardiovascular, neurological, or autoimmune diseases, for example, impact women and men differently, yet medical protocols and available studies often fail to reflect these differences.

On top of these biological gaps, social and cultural factors shape women’s health and well-being, including gender roles, caregiving burdens, and the invisibility of pain and conditions that predominantly affect them. The lack of sex- and gender-disaggregated evidence directly impacts the quality and equity of healthcare and limits the system’s ability to provide personalized and effective responses.

In this context, XWHIN was created to address and reverse these inequalities by promoting a global and interdisciplinary vision of women’s health. The network will promote high-impact scientific, technological, and social projects to identify unmet needs, generate new knowledge, and transfer it to clinical practice and public policies. The network’s director notes that “the sex and gender perspective is essential for better understanding diseases, how drugs work, and for offering responses that are more just, safe, effective, and equitable.” She adds, “With XWHIN, we want to transform the way we think about research and care, and how we approach health—placing women at the center of innovation and promoting research that reflects the true diversity of society.”

A Collaborative and Cross-Cutting Initiative

The XWHIN network is the result of an unprecedented alliance between public institutions, universities, research centers, companies, and social organizations. Altogether, it comprises 47 research groups and 8 collaborating organizations working in areas related to women’s health and health innovation. This open and cross-cutting structure will make it possible to address women’s health challenges from multiple perspectives—biomedical, technological, social, and economic—yielding more integrated and effective responses.

The network is coordinated by IR Sant Pau and includes participation from leading research centers and universities across the region, as well as companies and foundations in the health and technology sectors and patient organizations. “The value of XWHIN lies in its ability to connect disciplines and institutions that traditionally worked in isolation,” explains Dr. Maria Rosa Ballester. “This network seeks to create real synergies between research, industry, and society, transforming knowledge into tangible solutions that improve women’s health and well-being.”

A Firm Commitment to Research on Health and Gender

IR Sant Pau had already taken a major step in this area in 2023 with the creation of the Transversal Program for Research in Women’s and Gender Health. This pioneering initiative in Catalonia aimed at incorporating sex and gender perspectives into all its research areas. The program, developed within the framework of the Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) Plan, provides the methodological framework and tools needed to integrate this perspective into all projects—from basic research to clinical and public health research.

Coordinated by Dr. Elisa Llurba, head of the Women’s and Perinatal Medicine Research Group at IR Sant Pau and director of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department at Hospital Sant Pau, together with Dr. Maria Rosa Ballester. The program channels research initiatives on women’s health. It promotes collaboration between groups and supports the attraction of talent and funding in this field.

According to Dr. Elisa Llurba, “prioritizing the sex and gender perspective in biomedical research not only makes science more ethical and responsible, it also makes it more reproducible and increases its quality and its ability to generate useful results for the entire population.”

This trajectory strengthens IR Sant Pau’s leadership in gender-perspective research and lays the foundation for collaborative projects such as XWHIN, which represent a further step toward building more just, inclusive, and socially impactful biomedical research.

Four Pillars for Transforming Health Innovation

The development of XWHIN is structured around four areas of action that translate its vision into concrete and measurable objectives. The first is responsible research and innovation, which integrates sex and gender perspectives into all project phases, from experimental design to clinical application. With this approach, XWHIN seeks to ensure that research results reflect the biological and social diversity of the population, contributing to more equitable and personalized care.

The second area focuses on training and capacity building, aiming to prepare professionals to incorporate gender perspectives into their work. The network will promote specialized training programs, awareness-raising initiatives, and spaces for exchange among researchers, clinicians, and policymakers, fostering a more inclusive scientific culture committed to equality.

The third area centers on knowledge transfer and valorization, promoting collaboration between research groups, companies, and public institutions to translate science into applicable solutions. XWHIN will encourage the creation of entrepreneurial projects and spin-offs with the potential to improve women’s health and reduce inequalities, thereby strengthening an innovation ecosystem that delivers social and economic impact.

Finally, the fourth area is communication and awareness, aimed at highlighting the importance of integrating gender perspectives in health and engaging the public in transforming the healthcare system. The network will work to bring scientific knowledge closer to society and foster public debate on the specific challenges of women’s health.

According to Dr. Ballester, “These four areas define a very practical, results-oriented way of working, with a clear commitment to transforming research into tangible improvements. We want to show that integrating the gender perspective is not only a matter of equity but also of efficiency and scientific quality.”

A National Project with an International Outlook

With the creation of XWHIN, Catalonia takes a major step toward becoming a European benchmark in health innovation with a sex and gender perspective. The network is born with a clear ambition for international collaboration and plans to establish partnerships with European programs such as Horizon Europe or EU4Health, as well as with other leading women’s health networks and centers worldwide.

This global approach will enable knowledge exchange, promotion of best practices, and joint projects that will position Catalonia on the map of gender-sensitive biomedical innovation. In addition, the network seeks to actively contribute to European equality and public health strategies by providing a reproducible model of responsible, transversal, and sustainable R&D&I.

From IR Sant Pau, as the coordinating entity, scientific coherence and social impact will be ensured so that the network’s results extend beyond the academic sphere and generate real benefits for society. Through this collective effort, XWHIN aims not only to generate scientific, economic, and social impact but also to inspire new public policies and consolidate Catalonia as a European leader in gender-perspective innovation.

XWHIN Network Members

Coordinating Entity

• Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR Sant Pau)

Participating Institutions

• Universitat Ramon Llull
• Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)
• Primary Care Research Institute Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol)
• August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS)
• Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)
• Josep Trueta Biomedical Research Institute of Girona (IDIBGI)
• Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute (IJC)
• Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal)
• Parc Taulí Research and Innovation Institute (I3PT)
• Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB)
• Open University of Catalonia (UOC)
• Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)
• Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC)
• Acondicionamiento Tarrasense – LEITAT
• Sant Joan de Déu Private Foundation for Research and Teaching (FSJD)

Collaborating Entities

• Iolanda Marchueta (self-employed, trainer)
• Barcelona Mobile World Capital Foundation (MWC)
• Catalan Fragile X Syndrome Association (ACSXF)
• Osteoarthritis Foundation International (OAFI)
• Pfizer, SLU
• Organon Salud, SL
• Cotton High Tech, SL

The 2025 update of Stanford University’s bibliometric database has identified fourteen researchers affiliated with the Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau) among the top 2% of the world’s most influential scientists corresponding to the most recent year analyzed. This classification, based on Scopus data, evaluates nearly one hundred thousand authors across 22 academic fields and annually recognizes those with the greatest global impact on the scientific community.

This is the seventh edition of this compilation, launched in 2019, which has become an international reference tool for measuring scientific influence across disciplines. The ranking is based on normalized indicators that consider essential aspects such as publication volume, citation quality and impact, each researcher’s career trajectory, and their actual weight in each article through metrics such as the C-Score. This approach helps overcome common biases—such as self-citations or the high variability between scientific fields—and provides a more rigorous picture of each author’s true impact on knowledge generation.

The presence of fourteen IR Sant Pau authors in this edition reflects the diversity and strength of the institute’s research areas. Among the recognized researchers, the Clinical Epidemiology and Health Services Group stands out, led by Dr. Pablo Alonso-Coello, together with Dr. Xavier Bonfill Cosp, Dr. Ivan Solà, and Dr. Maria Ximena Rojas. Their contributions to evidence-based medicine, the critical evaluation of scientific literature, and the development of clinical guidelines have had a direct influence on medical decision-making worldwide and have strengthened IR Sant Pau’s international prestige in this field.

Also included is the Neurobiology of Dementias Group, with Dr. Alberto Lleó and Dr. Daniel Alcolea. Both are international leaders in the development of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders, an area in which Sant Pau has achieved globally recognized standing. Their research has helped redefine the early stages of the disease and promote new diagnostic criteria that are now used worldwide.

In addition, Stanford’s database includes other Sant Pau researchers with impactful careers across multiple specialties. Dr. Cándid Villanueva has excelled in the field of liver disease and gastrointestinal bleeding; Dr. Carol Moreno in hematology and translational research in oncohematologic disorders; Dr. Margarita Majem in thoracic oncology; Dr. Teresa Padró in vascular research and atherosclerotic disease; Dr. Pere Domingo in infectious diseases and HIV; Dr. Lluís Puig in dermatology and immune-mediated diseases; and Dr. Carlos Brotons in primary care, prevention, and community health research. Among these names, Dr. Antonio J. Bayés-De-Luna, a retired cardiologist, also stands out, as his influence remains exceptional thanks to a decades-long scientific career that has decisively contributed to the understanding of cardiac rhythm disorders.

This collective recognition highlights Sant Pau’s role as a generator of high-impact biomedical knowledge and as an institution that integrates clinical, translational, and epidemiological research with a multidisciplinary vision oriented toward the common good. The inclusion of fourteen researchers among the top 2% most influential in the world confirms the strength of their contributions and reinforces the international projection of the IR Sant Pau. This includes fields as diverse as neuroscience, epidemiology, cardiovascular diseases, oncology, infectious diseases, and primary care research.

Researchers from the Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease Progression group at the Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR Sant Pau) have identified a new mechanism by which complement C3, a key immune system protein, can directly influence the progression of atherosclerosis. The study, published in the journal Cells, shows that activation of this molecule alters the structure and behavior of the cells that form the arterial wall, contributing to lesions becoming more unstable and more prone to rupture.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease characterized by the accumulation of cholesterol and other substances in the arteries, which triggers an inflammatory response that disrupts the balance of vascular tissues. Among the different types of cells involved in this process, vascular smooth muscle cells play a crucial role: under normal conditions, they maintain vessel elasticity, but when activated by inflammatory or lipid signals, they can change their shape and function, participate in plaque formation, and contribute to plaque fragility.

“Understanding how lipids, inflammation, and arterial wall cells interact is essential to prevent cardiovascular complications,” explains Dr. Teresa Padró, head of the Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease Progression group at IR Sant Pau and researcher at CIBERCV. “In this work, we have identified a new role of complement C3 that links the immune response with the cellular processes that remodel the arteries.”

The finding provides a new insight into how inflammation and lipids combine to modify the structure of the arterial wall. It highlights the role of complement C3 as a mediator between the body’s defenses and the cellular mechanisms that determine arterial stability.

Cellular Remodeling in the Arterial Wall

The study shows that activation of complement C3 triggers a series of changes in the smooth muscle cells of the arterial vascular wall, which stop behaving like contractile cells—responsible for maintaining vessel tone and structure—to adopt a more mobile profile with greater remodeling capacity. Although this phenomenon is part of natural repair mechanisms, when sustained over time, it can promote disease progression.

The researchers identified that the activated complement fragment known as iC3b acts as a signal that reorganizes the cell interior. Specifically, they observed that it modifies the distribution of paxillin (PXN), a protein essential for cell adhesion and communication with the environment. This change directly affects the cytoskeleton, the internal structure that supports the cell, regulates its shape, and enables movement.

Using advanced microscopy techniques, the team found that when smooth muscle cells of the arterial wall are exposed to aggregated low-density lipoproteins (agLDL)—a modified form of “bad” cholesterol that accumulates in arteries—the amount of paxillin decreases and its location within the cell is altered. In contrast, when these lipid-loaded cells are exposed to the iC3b fragment of the complement system, paxillin redistributes. Its relationship with F-actin, a key component of the internal cytoskeletal fibers, changes in a pattern that reflects greater migratory and remodeling activity. In the context of atherosclerosis, this behavior may facilitate the movement of lipid-laden smooth muscle cells within the arterial intima layer and contribute to changes that make plaques more vulnerable.

“We knew from previous work by our group that C3 complement products are present in atherosclerotic lesions, affecting the structure and function of smooth muscle cells,” notes Dr. Teresa Padró, adding that “the current results help us better understand the mechanisms involved, showing that iC3b-mediated signaling directly affects paxillin organization and thus cytoskeletal dynamics, a key aspect of arterial wall stability.”

Paxillin, the Axis of a Gene Network Linked to Cell Migration

To understand the mechanisms behind these changes, the researchers analyzed which genes are activated when smooth muscle cells begin to migrate. They identified 30 genes with altered expression, six of which—PXN, AKT1, RHOA, VCL, CTNNB1, and FN1—are directly related to cytoskeletal organization and cell motility.

Among them, PXN, the gene encoding paxillin, emerged as the central node of the molecular network that coordinates the cellular response to inflammatory and lipid stimuli. This protein acts as a bridge between the outside and the inside of the cell, regulating how the cell adheres, changes shape, and moves.

“The discovery of PXN as the central axis of the gene network suggests that cytoskeletal remodeling is not an isolated phenomenon but a coordinated response involving multiple signaling pathways,” highlights Dr. Teresa Padró. “The connection between these cellular pathways helps us understand how inflammation and lipids can remodel the arterial wall from within.”

A New Link Between Inflammation and Arterial Plaque Fragility

The study’s results suggest that the complement system, in addition to its classical role in immune defense, also influences the processes that determine the shape and stability of arteries. The iC3b fragment not only participates in the inflammatory response but can directly modify the behavior of smooth muscle cells, contributing to arterial plaque fragility.

Until now, research on atherosclerosis had focused mainly on macrophages and endothelial cells. However, this work shows that smooth muscle cells also interpret inflammatory signals and respond by transforming, making them active agents in the progression of the disease.

“This dialogue between complement C3 and paxillin reveals a little-explored connection between immune mechanisms and the cellular biology of the arterial wall,” notes Dr. Teresa Padró. “Understanding how inflammation and lipid load modulate smooth muscle cell migration may help identify new therapeutic targets to prevent the progression of atherosclerosis and stabilize plaques.”

The researchers suggest that this interaction may facilitate the movement of smooth muscle cells from the deeper layers of the artery toward the area where plaques form, weakening their structure and making them more prone to rupture. In addition, prolonged exposure to iC3b may encourage these cells to change function and stop behaving like contractile cells, adopting a more inflammatory and reparative profile.

Understanding this new iC3b–paxillin molecular axis may help design therapeutic strategies that reduce inflammation or cholesterol and reinforce the mechanical stability of arteries. In the future, this line of research may contribute to identifying biomarkers that help detect, at an early stage, the most vulnerable plaques with the highest risk of rupture.

The study was funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), the Next Generation EU program of the Recovery and Resilience Mechanism, the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), and the Generalitat de Catalunya.

Article References:

1. Garcia-Arguinzonis M, Escate R, Lugano R, Peña E, Borrell-Pages M, Badimon L, Padro T. Gene expression pattern associated with cytoskeletal remodeling in lipid-loaded human vascular smooth muscle cells: Crosstalk between C3 complement and the focal adhesion protein paxillin. Cells 2025;14. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14161245
2. Garcia-Arguinzonis M, Diaz-Riera E, Peña E, Escate R, Juan-Babot O, Mata P, Badimon L, Padro T. Alternative C3 complement system: Lipids and atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021;22:5122. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105122

The Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau) has received a donation of 2,500 euros from the Viladecans Cancer Coordinator Association, aimed at boosting the research conducted by the centre on CADASIL (Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy), a hereditary disease that affects the small blood vessels of the brain and can cause migraine, psychiatric disorders, recurrent strokes, and dementia. Despite recent progress, there is still no curative treatment.

The contribution from the Viladecans Cancer Coordinator Association will support the drug repositioning project led by the Pharmacogenomics and Neurovascular Genetics Research Group at IR Sant Pau, headed by Dr. Israel Fernández-Cadenas. The team investigates medicines already approved for other conditions that may have beneficial effects on CADASIL—an approach that can accelerate the development of potential therapies.

The support of organizations committed to research is essential to keeping active the study of rare diseases. Contributions like this one help facilitate the acquisition of materials, specialized analyses, and the development of new studies that enhance understanding of the disease and explore new therapeutic avenues.

IR Sant Pau expresses its deep gratitude to the Viladecans Cancer Coordinator Association for its trust and support. Their contribution is vital to continue advancing scientific knowledge and improving the quality of life of people affected by CADASIL and their families.

The Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau) has received new national funding from the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI), an agency under the Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities. This is through the 2025 Call for Grants for the Preparation and Management of European Projects and for Facilitating the Attraction of International Talent. This support will help consolidate and expand the structure of the European Projects Office (OPE) and is aligned with the institute’s strategy to strengthen its presence in the Horizon Europe program, articulated through the plan “Horizon Sant Pau: Enhancing Excellence and Innovation in Horizon Europe”, which guides the center’s main lines of international growth.

According to Noemí Carranza, head of the OPE, “this grant represents a decisive step toward further professionalizing our internationalization structure and better supporting research groups in preparing competitive proposals. Recently we have made great progress, but the demand for support continues to grow. Having a more robust structure allows IR Sant Pau to consolidate its leadership in Horizon Europe and open new opportunities for our research talent to participate in high-impact projects.”

The awarded grant amounts to €145,889.00, which will be used to promote advanced training in European programs, improve digital tools for analyzing funding opportunities, and strengthen technical support in preparing competitive proposals.

Sustained Growth in International Activity

Lately, IR Sant Pau has experienced sustained growth in its international activity. The creation of the OPE in 2021 marked a turning point: the number of proposals submitted to European programs has increased significantly, financial returns have risen substantially. In 2024, the institute obtained, for the first time, a coordinated Horizon Europe project with €7 million in funding, of which more than €1 million is allocated to the institute. In addition, researchers at the center have secured eight projects funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) in just three years, strengthening the diversification of its international portfolio and providing essential structural resources to support scientific management.

This progress has been consolidated thanks to a clear institutional commitment to internationalization, reflected in IR Sant Pau’s 2025–2030 strategy. This roadmap sets as priority objectives the strengthening of scientific leadership in Europe, the attraction of international talent, and the reinforcement of alliances with institutions, companies, and strategic networks. The new funding will deepen this direction by enabling intensive training programs, specialized workshops, coordinated proposal-preparation activities, and new semantic analysis tools that will facilitate the reading and interpretation of European work programs.

Strengthening the OPE will also improve internal coordination among the units involved in international projects, from innovation to clinical trials. It will also expand support for the clinical groups of Hospital de Sant Pau, from which a large portion of the institute’s research staff originates. This integration is essential to increase the quality, maturity, and robustness of proposals submitted to Horizon Europe, particularly in strategic areas such as neurosciences, cardiovascular research, hematology, oncology, and advanced therapies.

A Consolidated Track Record of Funding to Boost Internationalization

This new national grant adds to a solid trajectory of funding that has allowed IR Sant Pau to build and consolidate its international structure. In 2022, the institute received a national grant of €174,986.30 through the call for Preparation and Management of European Projects, allocated for the 2023–2024 period and extended until September 2025. This funding enabled staff expansion, stronger internal training, and improvements in analytical and research-support tools.

Additionally, the regional program Go Europe awarded IR Sant Pau €299,940, extended until June 2026. This support funds specialized human resources, technological platforms, partner-search tools, and networking and training activities—key elements for consolidating a professional and stable model of European project management.

Thanks to this trajectory, IR Sant Pau now has a mature structure that combines specialized technical staff, solid work procedures, advanced digital platforms, and an expanding network of national and international collaborations. The new funding allows the institute to take another step forward, strengthening its capacity to lead high-impact projects, attract competitive funding, and transfer knowledge for of the healthcare system and society.

Hospital de Sant Pau recently hosted the First National Meeting of the GEICEN Group (Stable Research Group in Gynecologic Cancer), a gathering that brought together researchers and specialists from across Spain dedicated to the study of gynecologic cancer from a basic, translational, and clinical perspective. GEICEN is made up of 10 research groups from different academic and hospital institutions, and its objective is to promote collaborative projects that advance the understanding of these tumors and the clinical management of patients.

The event featured the participation of the Gynecological and Breast Pathology Group of the Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau), which served as host of this first edition. Dr. Silvia Cabrera, head of the group, highlighted that “this meeting is an essential step toward consolidating a national research network in gynecologic cancer. Sharing results, challenges, and methodologies allows us to move forward faster and offer more efficient responses to patients, and for our group, hosting this first meeting is an honor and a boost to continue growing in this field.”

The program included short presentations from each of the groups that make up GEICEN, with participation from IR Sant Pau, IRYCIS, IRBLleida, IDIBELL, UB, IDIS, FMDA, and VHIR, among others. The presentations made it possible to share strategic projects and research lines in areas such as biomarkers, preclinical models, emerging therapies, biobanks, omics technologies, and new diagnostic approaches in gynecologic oncology. Representing IR Sant Pau, in addition to Dr. Silvia Cabrera, Dr. Alba Farrés also participated, presenting a new project being launched on endometrial cancer.

Following the morning scientific sessions, the event continued with internal meetings focused on the strategy of principal investigators and the coordination of early-career researchers, aimed at defining new collaborative lines and preparing future competitive proposals. The holding of this first national meeting marks an important step for GEICEN, which aims to become a stable reference space for coordinated research on gynecologic tumors, which affect thousands of women every year.

Researchers from the Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau) have conducted a clinical trial demonstrating that the combination of two widely available drugs, carvedilol and simvastatin, significantly improves the control of portal hypertension in patients with hepatic cirrhosis.

The study, published in the scientific journal Hepatology, lists Dr. Edilmar Alvarado and Dr. Anna Brujats as first authors and Dr. Cándido Villanueva as senior author. All of them are investigators of the Digestive Pathology group at IR Sant Pau and hepatologists at Hospital de Sant Pau. The collaborating team also includes researchers from the hepatology group at Hospital Sant Pau—Dr. Berta Cuyás, Dr. María Poca, Dr. Xavier Torras, and Dr. Angels Escorsell, among others—researchers in experimental immunology—Dr. E. Cantó—pharmacy—Ainhoa Rodríguez Arias—and biochemistry—Álvaro García-Osuna.

The research stems from a clear clinical need: to find new strategies capable of effectively reducing portal pressure in people with advanced cirrhosis. According to Dr. Alvarado, “These patients continue to have a very high risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, among other complications of portal hypertension, even with standard treatment, and we needed to explore simple options that could improve their prognosis.”

What Is Portal Hypertension and Why Is It Important?

Cirrhosis is a disease in which the liver gradually becomes hardened and scarred, hindering the flow of blood through it. As a result, the blood arriving from the digestive tract via the portal vein encounters more resistance as it passes through the liver, and pressure in this major vessel rises abnormally. This phenomenon, known as portal hypertension, is one of the main drivers of complications in advanced liver disease.

When portal pressure becomes too high, dilated veins form in the esophagus and stomach—the so-called varices—which are extremely fragile and can rupture, causing potentially life-threatening gastrointestinal bleeding. Portal hypertension also contributes to the accumulation of fluid in the abdomen (ascites) and to kidney problems. Reducing it significantly has proven crucial for improving survival and quality of life in these patients.

In clinical practice, this pressure is measured through the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG), a procedure that reliably quantifies the severity of portal hypertension and helps determine whether a pharmacologic treatment is effective.

Available Treatments and Their Limitations

To prevent gastrointestinal bleeding, nonselective beta-blockers such as propranolol or nadolol have been used for decades, as they reduce the amount of blood reaching the liver. However, in many patients these drugs do not sufficiently lower portal pressure.

Recently, carvedilol has proved more effective because, in addition to blocking beta-receptors, it also acts on alpha-1 receptors in blood vessels. This dual action causes greater relaxation of intrahepatic vessels, more effectively reducing resistance to blood flow.

Still, in a substantial proportion of patients treated only with carvedilol, the goal of lowering portal pressure is not achieved. Dr. Alvarado explains the team’s reasoning: “We knew that statins could improve blood vessel function and reduce inflammation in the liver. We thought that administering a statin alongside carvedilol could create a complementary effect and increase treatment efficacy by further reducing portal pressure.”

Although several statins are available, simvastatin was chosen because it has the most prior research in cirrhosis, where it had shown the ability to improve liver blood vessel function safely.

A Clinical Trial Designed to Address an Unmet Need

With this hypothesis, the Sant Pau team launched a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. A total of 82 patients with advanced cirrhosis and high-risk varices were recruited, all of whom had shown an insufficient response to traditional beta-blockers.

First, the researchers confirmed that portal pressure had not decreased adequately with standard treatments. From that point on, all patients started taking carvedilol, and were then randomly assigned to receive either simvastatin or a placebo for 4 to 6 weeks, without doctors or patients knowing who received which treatment.

The impact of treatment was measured through HVPG. In addition, the researchers took measurements after a nutritional supplement, a moment when portal pressure typically increases and bleeding risk intensifies, to determine whether the combination could better blunt this effect. Blood samples were also collected to analyze inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers, to assess whether the benefits extended beyond portal pressure reduction.

“We designed the study with real-life patient situations in mind—from the impact of meals to the inflammatory processes that accompany cirrhosis,” Dr. Alvarado explains.

A Step Forward in Preventing Gastrointestinal Bleeding

The results confirmed the initial hypothesis. Carvedilol alone and in combination with simvastatin both reduced portal pressure, but the decrease was significantly greater in the group receiving the two drugs. In absolute terms, HVPG fell from 18.6 to 15.7 mmHg with the combination (versus a reduction from 18.9 to 16.9 mmHg with placebo).

Additionally, 37% of patients treated with carvedilol plus simvastatin achieved a clinically meaningful pressure reduction (≥ 20%), compared with only 15% in the control group. The combination also blunted the increase in portal pressure after the nutritional supplement (12% versus 23%) and more strongly reduced several inflammatory blood markers. All of this occurred with good tolerance and a similar incidence of adverse events in both groups.

For Dr. Alvarado, these findings are promising: “This is a simple strategy using inexpensive, widely available drugs that could have a real impact on preventing decompensations associated with portal hypertension.”

This study opens the door to new therapeutic strategies in cirrhosis. Larger trials will be needed to confirm these results and to assess long-term effects on bleeding prevention and patient survival. But, as Dr. Alvarado concludes, “We have shown that even with well-known treatments, if we combine them effectively, we can take a meaningful step forward in caring for patients with cirrhosis.”

Reference Article:

Alvarado-Tapias E, Brujats A, Puente A, Ardevol A, Rodriguez-Arias A, Fajardo J, Pavel O, Garcia-Guix M, Aracil C, Poca M, Cuyàs B, Cantó E, Montañés R, Garcia-Osuna A, Escorsell À, Torras X, Villanueva C. Hemodynamic effects of carvedilol plus simvastatin in cirrhosis with severe portal hypertension and suboptimal response to β-blockers: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Hepatology 2025;82:140–54. <a href=”https://doi.org/10.1097/HEP.0000000000001148″>https://doi.org/10.1097/HEP.0000000000001148

The third mission of La Aventura de la Mariona took place today at Tibidabo Amusement Park, with high participation from children and a day filled with science, play, and discovery. This activity offered workshops and interactive spaces dedicated to the respiratory system, bringing children closer to understanding how the apparatus that allows us to breathe works through hands-on experiences and playful activities.

The mission began with the workshop “How Does the Respiratory System Work?”, led by professionals from the Pulmonology Service at Hospital de Sant Pau and the Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR Sant Pau). Children were able to observe up close how air enters and exits the lungs, the movement of the diaphragm, and the role of the different structures involved in breathing. Through models, balloons, and anatomical replicas, they learned how gas exchange occurs and what happens inside the body when we breathe.

The workshop “When Breathing Gets a Little Harder,” guided by professionals in pediatric pulmonology and allergy, introduced children to situations in which breathing is affected. With visual explanations and direct experimentation, participants discovered the mechanisms of bronchospasm, airway inflammation, and why filling the lungs can sometimes be difficult. Movement-based activities and simple games helped the kids identify strategies to improve breathing in these situations.

In the afternoon, the workshop “Respiratory Infections: Viruses or Bacteria?”, organized with professionals from the CAP Doctor Carles Ribas and the Sant Pau University School of Nursing, introduced children to the world of microorganisms. They learned to distinguish between viruses and bacteria, observed magnified images of these organisms, and took part in a diagnostic game on the proper use of antibiotics and the prevention of respiratory infections.

Throughout the entire day, the space “A Journey Through the Respiratory System” offered an open pathway with 3D models and a question-and-answer game that reinforced workshop content in a fun and participatory way. One of the most anticipated features was the giant scientific-concept memory game, an emblematic activity of the project that tests children’s memory, agility, and teamwork. Kids played to match pairs related to scientific concepts, and, as in previous missions, they had the chance to win a Casio scientific calculator, a prize that always generates excitement and healthy competition.

With this mission, Mariona continues to establish herself as a leading educational initiative to bring biomedical research closer to children and spark scientific vocations. The next event will take place on February 15, 2026, with the Grand Final Celebration at Tibidabo Amusement Park, coinciding with the International Day of Women and Girls in Science, which will bring together workshops, activities, and researchers from Sant Pau.

More information is available on the website:
https://www.santpau.cat/es/web/public/mariona-investigadora

The Mariona Project

The “Mariona Investigadora” project is an educational and outreach initiative developed by IR Sant Pau. Mariona is a character representing an eight-year-old girl passionate about science and medicine, whose purpose is to inspire girls, boys, and young people to explore the world of scientific research. It is at this age—eight years old—when girls often begin to lose interest in science due to persisting stereotypes and the lack of role models, something this project aims to address.

Through a series of missions and challenges designed to take place at Tibidabo Amusement Park and the Barcelona Zoo, Mariona encourages young children to discover the secrets of the human body. They participate in scientific experiments, and learn about the importance of adopting a healthy lifestyle.

The project also highlights the role of women in science, showcasing real examples of female researchers who share their professional and personal experiences to promote gender equality in this field.

Science with a Gender Perspective

At IR Sant Pau, ongoing dialogue with society is actively promoted, aligned with its RRI plan and its objectives for scientific education and public engagement. As a CERCA center and as a Scientific Culture and Innovation Unit accredited by FECYT, the institute maintains a firm commitment to bringing research closer to the public. As the only research institute in Catalonia with a transversal gender research program, IR Sant Pau serves as a spokesperson for the latest scientific developments and stresses the importance of research with a gender perspective. It also emphasizes the role of women in research and the future of science.

Upcoming Activities in the Second Edition:

• February 15, 2026—Grand Final Celebration at Tibidabo Amusement Park, coinciding with the International Day of Women and Girls in Science.

The Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau) hosted the Horizon Europe InfoDay—Cluster Health on November 20, a training event designed to provide practical information and strategies to strengthen the participation of research staff in Horizon Europe, the European Union’s main funding program for research and innovation.

Organized by the International Projects Unit of IR Sant Pau, the event aimed to provide concrete tools to increase the competitiveness of proposals submitted to Horizon Europe, particularly in the field of health. In addition, the meeting served as a space for exchanging experiences between institutions that have already secured European funding, with the goal of strengthening the collaborative research network in Catalonia.

The session opened with a presentation by Marta Marín, National Contact Point for Horizon Europe—Cluster Health, who introduced the draft of the 2026–2027 Work Programme and outlined the main updates and opportunities that this new European funding framework will offer. This was followed by a roundtable featuring representatives from institutions that have obtained Horizon Europe funding, including Juan Abolafia, Head of the International Projects Office at IDIBAPS; Carola Orrego, Principal Investigator at the Avedis Donabedian Foundation; and Olivia Belbin, Principal Investigator at IR Sant Pau, who shared her experience as coordinator of the first Horizon project awarded to the institute.

After an informal networking session over lunch, the event concluded with a hands-on workshop on proposal writing, delivered by a representative from the consultancy ERINN Innovation. The workshop focused on the Impact section, considered one of the most decisive parts of the evaluation process.

During the event’s opening remarks, Noemí Carranza, Head of the International Projects Unit at IR Sant Pau, highlighted the institute’s progress in securing European funding and the importance of collective work: “Four and a half years ago, our unit was created with a clear path and goals: to consolidate the attraction of funds that would allow us to support our researchers and accompany them in leading coordinated projects under the Horizon program. That has always been our purpose, and thanks to joint efforts, today we can celebrate that we have achieved it. This event is the best proof: our first coordinated project, a milestone that encourages us to continue growing and to strengthen the positioning of IR Sant Pau in Europe.”

Carranza also stressed that events like the InfoDay strengthen IR Sant Pau’s culture of international cooperation and help build a scientific community better prepared to face Europe’s research challenges in health.

For her part, Olivia Belbin, researcher at IR Sant Pau and coordinator of the recently awarded Horizon project, underscored the importance of having solid support structures within the institute: “Having a unit specialized in international projects makes a real difference. The team’s expertise and guidance were essential for transforming a strong scientific idea into a competitive and successful proposal. This first coordinated project shows that at IR Sant Pau we have the talent and the capacity to lead high-impact European initiatives.”

The Horizon Europe InfoDay—Cluster Health is part of the internationalization initiatives included in project STL028/23/000051, funded by the Department of Health of the Government of Catalonia, and brought together professionals from the biomedical field interested in strengthening their skills for preparing proposals within the European framework.

A team of cardiologists from the Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau) and Hospital Sant Pau, in collaboration with the Autonomous University of Barcelona and the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), has analyzed the anatomical differences between men and women with mitral regurgitation treated with transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER), a minimally invasive technique that corrects improper valve closure without the need for open-heart surgery.

The study, published in the Revista Española de Cardiología, shows that although women have a smaller and more calcified mitral valve, their clinical outcomes are just as favorable as those of men. According to Dr. Chi-Hion Pedro Li, the study’s first author, “Our goal was to determine whether there were anatomical differences between sexes and whether those could have a real impact on repair outcomes. What we found is that, even though women’s valves are smaller (even after adjusting for body surface area), these anatomical differences do not affect outcomes. Women benefit from the treatment to the same extent as men.”

A Common and High-Impact Valvular Disease

Mitral regurgitation is one of the most common valvular heart diseases and a major cause of heart failure, especially among older adults. It occurs when the mitral valve—which separates the left atrium from the left ventricle—does not close properly, allowing blood to flow backward into the atrium. This forces the heart to work harder to maintain adequate blood flow, which over time can lead to cardiac dilation, fatigue, and shortness of breath.

Until recently, open-heart surgery was the only option for repairing or replacing the valve. However, many elderly patients or those with comorbidities are not candidates for surgery. For them, transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) offers a safe and effective alternative.

According to Dr. Dabit Arzamendi, senior author of the study, “Transcatheter edge-to-edge repair has radically changed how we manage mitral regurgitation. It allows us to safely treat patients who previously had no viable therapeutic option and, in most cases, achieves a significant reduction in symptoms and immediate functional improvement.”

However, despite the high prevalence of this condition, women have traditionally been underrepresented in clinical trials on mitral regurgitation, which has limited our understanding of their specific anatomical characteristics and their response to treatment. This study aimed to fill that gap and provide a more precise picture based on real-world clinical practice.

Anatomical Differences Between Men and Women

The study included 252 patients treated for severe symptomatic mitral regurgitation between May 2012 and December 2023. Of these, 78 were women (31%) and 174 were men (69%). On average, women were seven years older (82 vs. 75 years) and had a smaller body surface area (1.66 vs. 1.86 m²).

Regarding disease type, primary mitral regurgitation—caused by valve degeneration—was more frequent in women (40% vs. 27%), whereas the secondary form, associated with left ventricular dilation or dysfunction, was predominant in men (57% vs. 40%). Cardiac imaging revealed that women had a smaller and more calcified mitral valve, resulting in a smaller opening area (5.0 vs. 5.8 cm²) and shorter leaflets.

Mitral annular calcification, a form of tissue hardening around the valve, was three times more common in women (32% vs. 10%). Despite these differences, the procedure was equally successful in both sexes: in 96% of cases, mitral regurgitation was reduced to mild or moderate levels, with no additional complications in women. The only technical difference was a slightly higher mean mitral gradient in women (3.0 vs. 2.0 mmHg), attributable to the valve’s smaller size and greater stiffness, but without any impact on efficacy or clinical outcomes.

Equal Clinical Benefit Despite Different Anatomy

The researchers emphasize that the anatomical differences between sexes did not translate into worse clinical outcomes. The transcatheter repair procedure proved effective and safe in all cases, confirming that the technique is suitable for various anatomical profiles. According to Dr. Chi-Hion Pedro Li, “The main contribution of this work is showing that, although the procedure is equally successful in men and women, the female mitral anatomy—smaller and with greater annular calcification—results in a slightly higher transmitral gradient after repair. This finding encourages us to take that into account when planning each case, particularly when selecting the type and number of devices.”

Dr. Dabit Arzamendi adds, “Our results confirm that transcatheter edge-to-edge repair is a safe and effective technique in both sexes. However, knowing that female sex and smaller body surface area are factors associated with a higher gradient can help us optimize device selection and procedural approach.”

The specialist notes that this information could be valuable not only for current clinical practice but also for the development of new generations of mitral repair devices tailored to the anatomical differences between men and women. “Understanding these anatomical characteristics,” adds Arzamendi, “allows us to move toward more personalized and precision medicine, where each patient receives the treatment best suited to their individual anatomy.”

Implications for Clinical Practice

The study’s findings provide a more detailed view of how sex-specific anatomical characteristics can influence treatment planning. Incorporating this perspective from the initial evaluation will help tailor procedural strategies to each patient’s anatomy, improve device selection, and minimize the risk of residual gradients.

In addition, these findings could help refine imaging criteria used in echocardiography and patient selection, ensuring that structural differences between men and women are considered before the intervention. In the medium and long term, this line of research could foster the development of more versatile and adaptable devices capable of accommodating smaller or more calcified valves.

For the Sant Pau researchers, advancing in this direction means strengthening a more personalized approach to structural cardiology, in which therapeutic decisions are based on each patient’s anatomical and physiological features. This study also reinforces the role of clinical research as a tool to improve health equity and ensure balanced representation of men and women in cardiovascular studies.

According to Dr. Chi-Hion Pedro Li, “For decades, cardiovascular research has been based primarily on male populations, so understanding how sex and anatomy influence the outcomes of structural therapies is key to offering truly personalized treatments.”

The specialist also stresses that such long-term clinical studies allow researchers to translate scientific knowledge directly into patient care. In his view, this integrative approach not only enhances the quality and safety of interventions but also helps reduce long-standing inequities in cardiovascular health.

Reference Article:

Li C-HP, Asmarats L, Massó van Roessel A, Capellades H, Fernández-Peregrina E, Arzamendi D. Sex Differences in Mitral Regurgitation Anatomy and Outcomes of Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair. Rev Esp Cardiol 2025;78:1010–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2025.01.024

BASE4 BIOSCIENCES S.L. is the new spin-off of the Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau), created to promote translational research and the application of precision biology in the field of women’s health. The initiative is led by Dr. José Manuel Soria, head of the Genomics of Complex Diseases Research Group at IR Sant Pau, and Dr. Ángel Martínez, genetic analysis expert and member of the same group, together with Pol Cervera, a specialist in technological development. The three are founding members of the new company.

BASE4 was born out of more than a decade of genomics and transcriptomics research conducted at IR Sant Pau, which has demonstrated a direct connection between gene expression in the blood and the functional state of organs. The project also involved Dr. Joan Carles Souto from the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research Group at IR Sant Pau, who contributed to the technology’s development.

A Technology to Measure Biological Age and Tissue Alterations

Building on this scientific foundation, the team has developed a pioneering algorithm capable of identifying transcriptomic anomalies and predicting the biological age of tissues according to sex and the organ analyzed. This patented technology makes it possible, from a simple blood sample, to analyze the blood transcriptome—that is, the expression of more than 17,000 genes—to determine with great precision the biological age of tissues and identify the genes that accelerate or slow down their aging.

This knowledge is at the core of BASE4’s products and opens the door to personalized interventions to maintain optimal health and slow aging. Dr. José Manuel Soria, co-founder and Chief Scientific Officer of BASE4, explains that “our technology allows us to understand the real biological state of tissues at the molecular level, long before clinical signs appear. This opens a new era in preventive medicine, where we can act before functional deterioration of the organs occurs.”

“We have developed artificial intelligence models differentiated for men and women—an essential approach to reducing the gender gap in health and offering truly personalized recommendations,” adds Dr. Ángel Martínez.

The Problem: A Gap in Women’s Health

Historically, women were excluded from clinical trials until the late 1990s, leaving a gap in medical knowledge that continues to affect millions of women around the world. This knowledge gap means that current medical and artificial intelligence models do not reflect female biological diversity. As a result, many women receive clinical guidance based on patterns derived mostly from men, limiting professionals’ ability to effectively anticipate and treat issues related to fertility, ovarian function, or menopausal transition.

International data show that women are diagnosed four years later than men in more than 700 diseases, and they spend 25% more of their lives in poor health. “Most of today’s artificial intelligence models that aim to characterize human biology have been trained primarily with male data, without accounting for the specific features of female biology—especially during the transition from fertility to menopause,” explains Pol Cervera, CEO of BASE4.

“This bias means that millions of women do not understand the causes of their symptoms or receive incorrect diagnoses and treatments, generating an economic burden exceeding one trillion euros for public health systems worldwide,” adds Pol Cervera.

Knowledge Transfer and International Projection

The creation of BASE4 reinforces IR Sant Pau’s commitment to knowledge transfer and to the development of science-based companies as a way to bring research results to society. The institute holds a 10% equity stake in the new spin-off and contributes its expertise, intellectual property, and the support of its Technology Transfer and Innovation Unit, which has guided the project from the early stages of technological validation to its market launch.

BASE4’s business model combines the provision of advanced transcriptomic testing with the creation of a preventive health and wellness center for women, whose first location will be in Barcelona. In the medium term, the company plans to expand progressively to other European cities, with the goal of making its technology a global benchmark in personalized medicine.

At the same time, BASE4 has begun discussions with investors to launch a funding round aimed at accelerating the company’s growth and bringing its technology to market.

The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) has recently published the updated version of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), the global reference system in intensive care medicine used to assess the degree of organ dysfunction in critically ill patients. The results were also presented in parallel at the Annual Congress of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM LIVES 2025), held in Munich, in a featured session on current topics broadcast live.

SOFA-2, which replaces the model in place since 1996, incorporates advances in diagnostics, monitoring, and life support introduced over the past decades to more accurately reflect the reality of critically ill patients and the response of their organs to treatment.

The study was led by the international SOFA-2 Study Group consortium, with Dr. Otavio Ranzani, head of the Health DataLab at the Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR Sant Pau), serving as the leader of methodology and data analysis. The magnitude and diversity of the data analyzed—more than 3.3 million ICU admissions from nine countries—make this work the largest international review ever conducted on organ dysfunction measurement, setting a new benchmark for clinical practice and critical care research.

A New Standard for Measuring the Severity of Critical Illness

The SOFA system was conceived in 1994 and published in 1996 as a common language to describe dysfunction in six organs—brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, and coagulation system—based on clinical and laboratory parameters. Since then, it has become an essential tool in both clinical practice and research, used to quantify the severity of critical illness.

Over the past three decades, intensive care has evolved profoundly. Today, clinicians have access to new monitoring devices, less invasive life-support therapies, and more specific drugs, as well as information systems that allow for a more dynamic and precise assessment of a patient’s condition. These advances made a complete update of the original model necessary.

“The way we treat patients in intensive care has changed enormously over the past three decades,” explains Dr. Otavio Ranzani, first author of the study. “We now have noninvasive ventilation, continuous renal replacement therapies, and circulatory support with much more precise devices and drugs. The SOFA system needed to reflect that reality so we can better describe organ dysfunction and compare patient severity consistently across the world.”

SOFA-2 maintains the structure of six organ systems but redefines the scoring thresholds and updates the variables used. Key innovations include the addition of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and high-flow oxygen therapy in the respiratory component, a new classification for vasopressor dosing in the cardiovascular component, and revised criteria for assessing liver, kidney, and coagulation function. The new model achieves a more uniform gradation of severity and a tighter relationship between score and clinical outcomes.

An Unprecedented International Scientific Consensus

The SOFA update was conducted in eight stages, combining expert consensus with large-scale clinical data analysis. First, a Delphi process brought together 60 international specialists from 25 countries, including two from Spain—Dr. Otavio Ranzani and Dr. Ricard Ferrer from Vall d’Hebron University Hospital—who reached consensus on the conceptual principles and key variables of the new model. The research team then validated these proposals using advanced statistical analyses across ten national registries of critically ill patients, totaling more than 3.3 million ICU admissions from Australia, Austria, Brazil, France, Italy, Japan, Nepal, New Zealand, and the United States, thus encompassing diverse healthcare systems and resource levels across four continents.

The result is a system that preserves the simplicity of the original SOFA while providing a much stronger empirical foundation and revised clinical criteria based on the analysis of millions of real-world cases. Each point on the scale was calibrated to correspond to a progressive and clinically consistent increase in mortality risk, validated across different cohorts and countries. Additionally, detailed instructions for data collection and interpretation were incorporated, ensuring uniform application across various care settings. Altogether, SOFA-2 provides a more accurate and contemporary representation of critical care management in the 21st century while maintaining the clarity and ease of use that characterized the original model.

“SOFA-2 is the result of an unprecedented scientific consensus in intensive care medicine,” emphasizes Dr. Ranzani. “It integrates the best available evidence with the accumulated clinical experience from highly diverse settings—from high-complexity university hospitals to resource-limited units. This ensures that the tool is truly global.” The results confirmed that SOFA-2 more accurately describes the progression of vital organ function in critically ill patients, showing a highly consistent relationship between score and observed mortality.

More Precise, Practical, and Universal

Beyond its statistical performance, the main contribution of SOFA-2 lies in its greater clinical applicability. The new model accounts for the realities of hospitals with varying resource levels and defines clear rules for data recording and interpretation, reducing variability between units and countries.

“We wanted SOFA-2 to be useful both in a large European hospital and in an ICU in a developing country,” notes Dr. Ranzani. “Our goal was to provide a standardized, up-to-date, and global tool to support both research and clinical decision-making.”

The system also improves consistency in intermediate levels of dysfunction, avoiding abrupt jumps between categories and allowing for a more intuitive gradation of organ deterioration. This enhances its value for daily clinical monitoring and for comparing outcomes across institutions or therapeutic trials. Moreover, it includes instructions adapted to resource-limited settings, enabling reliable use even in environments where certain treatments or measurements are unavailable.

A New Starting Point for Intensive Care Medicine

Another key contribution of SOFA-2 is its ability to harmonize intensive care research. By incorporating globally applicable and updated criteria, SOFA-2 facilitates comparison across multicenter studies and improves the quality of clinical trials. This methodological uniformity is essential for advancing toward a more data-driven and internationally valid field of intensive care medicine.

Researchers also highlight its usefulness for monitoring quality of care in ICUs, as it provides a sensitive and standardized indicator of organ dysfunction among treated patients. The team considers this update a turning point in how critical illness is quantified, offering a more precise, dynamic, and practice-aligned framework.

“SOFA-2 is a long-awaited update that enhances intensive care medicine’s ability to measure, understand, and treat critical illness,” concludes Dr. Otavio Ranzani. “By more faithfully reflecting patients’ physiology and the interventions they receive, this new system will enable better evaluation of treatment effects and support progress toward more personalized and efficient care.”

You can listen to this podcast in English about the publication.
And here’s a video on Instagram.

Reference Article

Ranzani OT, Singer M, Salluh JIF, et al. Development and Validation of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA)-2 Score. JAMA. Published online October 29, 2025. doi:10.1001/jama.2025.20516

The Francesc Cambó Hall at Sant Pau was filled with people and laughter during ImproCiencia: Aging with a Sense of Humor, an event that brought together biomedical research and improvisational theater to address key questions about health and aging in a lively and engaging way. The activity, which landed in Barcelona for the first time, was part of Science Week and was organized, in its seventh edition, by the Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau) and the Biomedical Research Networking Center (CIBER). The event, specially aimed at older adults (over 65 years old), received an enthusiastic response, drawing more than 180 attendees.

The show combined the talent of the actors from the ImproIMPAR company with the direct participation of researchers from IR Sant Pau, who are also members of CIBER, bringing scientific rigor and clinical experience to each of the scenes. The initiative is part of the joint work of the Scientific Culture and Innovation Units (UCC+i) of both institutions, which extend their collaboration beyond research to include science communication. This reinforces their shared commitment to bringing science closer to society through innovative formats. The goal was to show that science can be communicated differently—one that inspires reflection, emotion, and laughter at the same time.

“ImproCiencia shows that research can be explained in many ways and that science can also move people and make them laugh,” said Dr. Jordi Surrallés, director of IR Sant Pau and member of CIBER, highlighting “the excellent reception of a format that brings research closer to the public with naturalness and warmth.” According to Dr. Surrallés, initiatives like this one “reinforce the mission of Sant Pau and CIBER to bring research closer to society, making it accessible and meaningful for everyone, while showcasing the work of researchers dedicated to improving people’s health.”

Four Stories About Health, Aging, and Research Told with Humor

Through four short plays inspired by different areas of health, the audience was able to participate actively and discover how research helps to understand and prevent some main diseases associated with aging.

Dr. Idoia Genua and Dr. Alex Mesa, from the Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition Group, spoke about type 2 diabetes, a chronic but manageable disease when detected early and properly monitored. In their scene, the audience made decisions that changed the course of the story, illustrating how lifestyle habits directly affect metabolic health. “The message we wanted to convey is that type 2 diabetes can be prevented and controlled,” explained Dr. Idoia Genua, who emphasized the importance of maintaining a balanced diet and staying active to reduce the risk of complications.

The researchers used the interaction with the audience to debunk common myths and remind them that losing between 5% and 10% of body weight can significantly improve disease control. “Each patient is different, and that’s why treatment should be like a tailor-made suit that adapts to their needs and disease progression,” added Dr. Alex Mesa. The scene ended with an alternate version of the story showing how prevention and healthy habits can change the course of the disease and improve quality of life.

Meanwhile, Dr. Elena Cortés, from the Neuromuscular Diseases Group, focused her intervention on myasthenia gravis, a rare, chronic, autoimmune disease that affects the transmission of nerve impulses to muscles, causing weakness and fatigue. Through an interactive performance, the actors recreated the everyday challenges faced by people living with this condition, highlighting how medical and social support can make a difference.

The researcher explained that this disease can appear at any age and, although it has no cure, current treatments allow patients to maintain a good quality of life if diagnosed early. “It’s essential to recognize the first symptoms—such as drooping eyelids or difficulty speaking or chewing—so that we can act quickly and prevent serious complications,” emphasized Dr. Cortés.

The most emotional moment came with the participation of Érika Sánchez, a predoctoral researcher from the Neurobiology of Dementias Group, who studies Alzheimer’s disease. Through a symbolic narrative featuring a “disease-character” that gradually limited the protagonist’s actions, the researcher explained how Alzheimer’s damages neurons due to the accumulation of beta-amyloid and tau proteins, leading to memory loss and cognitive decline.

“Alzheimer’s doesn’t just affect memory—it also affects identity and relationships with others,” said Érika Sánchez during her talk, stressing that research is “an essential tool for better understanding the disease and developing prevention strategies.” The scene ended with a message of hope, emphasizing the role of prevention through exercise, the Mediterranean diet, proper sleep, and an active social life as key factors in protecting the brain.

To close the show, Dr. Jose Maria Guerra, head of the Clinical and Translational Cardiology Research Group, turned science communication into a lively late-night TV show. With humor and rhythm, he reviewed how the perception of cardiovascular diseases has evolved—from being considered inevitable to being understood as preventable conditions. The cardiologist reminded the audience that studies like the Framingham study demonstrated that factors such as smoking, hypertension, and diabetes are modifiable, and that prevention starts long before the first symptom. He also described recent advances in diagnosis and risk prediction—such as biomarkers, genetics, and artificial intelligence—that are enabling a more personalized approach to medicine.

“Cardiovascular diseases are not an inevitable consequence of aging; today we know that prevention and research have entirely changed how we approach them,” said Dr. Guerra, encouraging the audience to take care of their hearts from a young age.

Science Communication as a Bridge Between Research and Society

The performance held the audience’s attention and participation throughout, blending moments of humor, emotion, and shared learning. The balance between scientific accuracy and creative storytelling demonstrated that research can go beyond laboratories and classrooms to become a true meeting point with the public.

Both IR Sant Pau and CIBER value science communication as an essential part of scientific work—a tool that helps explain advances in a clear and relatable way. “Bringing research closer to people is a fundamental part of our mission as an institution,” concluded Dr. Surrallés, “and formats like ImproCiencia make it possible to do so in a dynamic, engaging, and meaningful way.”

The success of participation and the audience’s enthusiastic response consolidate ImproCiencia as a leading example of science communication—one capable of breaking down barriers between biomedical knowledge and everyday life and offering a new perspective on how to age with health, curiosity, and a sense of humor.

The Hospital de Sant Pau and the Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR Sant Pau), together with the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), hosted on Wednesday, November 5, one of the sessions of the Nobel Prize Inspiration Initiative (NPII), an international program that brings the experience and insights of Nobel Laureates closer to students, early-career researchers, and science professionals. This edition, organized by Nobel Prize Outreach in collaboration with the AstraZeneca Foundation and several Catalan academic institutions, featured Professor Craig C. Mello, Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine in 2006 for the discovery of the mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi).

The event began at Casa Convalescència, where the American laureate held an open discussion with students and young scientists titled “What it takes to be a scientist?”, moderated by Adam Smith from Nobel Prize Outreach. The session opened with institutional greetings from Professor Albert Selva, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), and Susana García, Head of Institutional Relations at the AstraZeneca Foundation.

The session concluded with remarks by Dr. Jordi Surrallés, Director of IR Sant Pau and Professor of Genetics at UAB, who highlighted the value of such gatherings in fostering scientific vocations. “Welcoming a Nobel Laureate to Sant Pau is a privilege that reminds us that research is built on curiosity, perseverance, and teamwork. Initiatives like this inspire new generations of researchers and strengthen our commitment to scientific excellence and international collaboration,” noted Dr. Surrallés.

The program then moved to the Hospital de Sant Pau, where Craig Mello delivered his lecture, “RNAi: A Molecular Spark in an Information Inferno.” The session was opened by Assumpció Malgosa, Vice-Rector for Research at UAB; Xavier Prats Monné, President of the Board of Trustees of the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Foundation; and Susana García from the AstraZeneca Foundation. The event also featured an engaging discussion with the audience, once again moderated by Adam Smith.

“Barcelona’s innovative and collaborative scientific community is ready to play an increasingly important role in the revolution connecting human genetics to transformative treatments. It’s exciting to be here to share what we’ve learned about RNA—and to listen! Because, as someone once said, the ideas that change the world often come from young scientists who haven’t yet discovered what’s impossible,” said the American Nobel Laureate.

Craig C. Mello, Pioneer in Gene Silencing

Professor Craig C. Mello is a researcher at the RNA Therapeutics Institute at the University of Massachusetts Medical School (United States) and co director of the RNA Cell Biology Program at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. In 2006, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, together with Andrew Z. Fire, for the discovery of the phenomenon of RNA interference (RNAi), a natural process through which cells regulate gene expression by silencing specific RNA sequences.

Until then, RNA was thought to play only a passive role as a messenger between DNA and proteins. Mello and Fire’s discovery transformed this view by demonstrating that RNA is also a key player in controlling genetic information. Their work revolutionized modern molecular biology and was essential to understanding how to manipulate RNA safely and effectively, paving the way for the development of multiple innovative RNA-based therapies.

This knowledge has led to advances ranging from gene-silencing therapies to new strategies for drug design and RNA-based vaccines, such as the mRNA vaccines developed against COVID-19. Today, RNAi research continues to expand its applications in the treatment of genetic, infectious, cardiovascular, and oncological diseases, as it allows precise modulation of the genes involved in disease progression.